Authors: Ravikumar K.
Abstract: Science has emerged as one of the most powerful forces shaping modern civilization. Its role in driving social transformation, improving human well-being, and addressing global challenges has been central to the evolution of societies. Yet, science does not function in isolation it operates within complex social, cultural, and political systems that determine how knowledge is produced, distributed, and applied. This review article explores the interconnections between science, social change, and sustainable development from a sociological standpoint. Drawing upon classical and contemporary theories, it investigates how science contributes to social progress and how social institutions, values, and inequalities shape scientific priorities. The paper integrates global perspectives with Indian experiences, examining how science has influenced patterns of modernization, education, and environmental consciousness. It also highlights the sociological challenges of achieving sustainability, including issues of technological inequality, environmental ethics, and participatory governance. By synthesizing theoretical insights and empirical findings, the paper argues that sustainable development must be understood as a social process rooted not only in technological innovation but also in social inclusion, cultural transformation, and democratic engagement. A sociological approach to science thus provides a pathway to reimagine sustainability as a shared human project, balancing progress with equity and ecological responsibility.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17948397
