Volume 4 Issue 4 Special issue of ICASDGCA - International Journal for Research Trends in Social Science & Humanities

Green Innovation For A Resilient Future: Technology And Digital Solutions For Climate Action

Authors: Dr. P. Ravichandran, Dr. P. Satheesh Kumar

Abstract: The mitigation of climate change increasingly relies on the intersection of two transformative elements: green technology (GreenTech) and digital innovation. This paper investigates the integration of digital solutions such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, cloud computing, and digital twins with renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, smart transportation, and green finance to expedite climate action. Employing a mixed-methods approach that merges a structured literature review with a survey-based analysis involving 240 organizations across six sectors, the study delineates an eight-year growth trajectory (2018-2025) in renewable energy capacity, the adoption of digital climate technologies, and investments in green technology, while also identifying the sector-specific patterns and obstacles influencing adoption. The findings reveal that the adoption of digital climate technologies has outpaced the growth of renewable energy capacity itself, primarily propelled by AI-driven analytics and IoT sensor networks within the energy, transportation, and urban planning sectors, whereas blockchain-based tracking remains in its infancy. Significant barriers to broader adoption include high initial costs, a lack of skilled personnel, and issues related to data interoperability. The paper concludes with recommendations at both policy and enterprise levels aimed at fostering an inclusive and resilient green-digital transition, and it suggests avenues for future research.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22299615

A Comparative Analysis Of Green Investment And Climate Economics; India And Other Countries

Authors: Mrs. A. Gracy Rani

Abstract: Green investment, which centres on environmentally sustainable projects, has attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to rising concerns about climate change, environmental degradation, and the need for sustainable development. India, one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, has made notable progress in green investment, particularly in renewable energy, sustainable infrastructure, and eco-friendly technologies. This paper examines the comparison of green investment in India with that of other countries by analysing its contribution to GDP growth, job creation, technological progress, and environmental sustainability. It also assesses the policy frameworks, financing mechanisms, and challenges faced by the Indian government and private sector in promoting green investment. The paper concludes with recommendations for further integrating green investment into India's long-term development strategy.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22299756

The Role Of Bovine And Non Bovine Livestock In Sustainable Rural Livelihoods In The Era Of Climate Change: Macro Level Evidence From Secondary Data In India

Authors: K. Saranya, Dr.A. Kannan

Abstract: Livestock plays a important role in sustaining rural livelihoods by creating job, raising household income, and lowering poverty, livestock significantly contributes to the sustainability of rural communities. In India, rural households receive financial assistance from both bovine (cattle and buffaloes) and non-bovine (goats, sheep, poultry, and pigs) livestock; however, the relative contributions of these livestock varies by location and production method. This study looks at how livestock, both bovine and non-bovine, support sustainable rural livelihoods in India. The study is based exclusively on secondary data collected from the Livestock Census, reports of the Department of Animal Husbandry, NABARD publications, government statistics, and relevant research literature. In order to achieve sustainable rural development, it examines the economic relevance of various livestock categories and how they contribute to household income, employment creation, and the alleviation of rural poverty. The paper also analyses the need for policy measures to support livestock-based livelihoods through enhance infrastructure, veterinary services, financial assistance, and market access. The results are anticipated to give policy insights for fostering equitable and sustainable rural development in livestock-dependent areas as well as a helpful basis for further empirical study.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22299881

Environmental Changes and Emerging Health Problems

Authors: Dr.S.P. Sugapriya, Dr.T. Hema

Abstract: Environmental changes have become an important public health concern, particularly for local communities that are highly dependent on natural resources and are exposed to changing climatic and environmental conditions. Rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, water scarcity, air pollution, poor waste management and changes in disease patterns can adversely affect community health and well-being. This study examines the relationship between environmental changes and emerging health problems among local communities. The study proposes the collection of primary data through a structured questionnaire from selected households. The major dimensions covered include awareness of environmental changes, exposure to environmental risks, health problems experienced by households, preventive practices, access to healthcare services and community-level adaptation measures. The study is expected to identify the major environmental health challenges faced by local communities and assess their awareness and preparedness. The findings can help policymakers, local authorities and public health agencies develop community-oriented environmental health interventions.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22300095

Behavioural Validation Of Extreme Heat Stress Among Micro-Informal Fireworks Industry Workers

Authors: Dr.P.Bharathi, Dr.T.Vijayakumar

Abstract: Occupational heat stress poses a critical, under-regulated health hazard to informal sector workers operating in extreme thermal environments. This study evaluates heat strain, risk perceptions, and self-protection behaviors among workers in micro-informal pyrotechnic units in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu. Using a structured interview schedule, empirical data were collected on demographics, environmental microclimates, physiological symptoms, attitudinal predispositions, and preventive behaviors. Quantitative stratification using the Heat Strain Score Index (HSSI) revealed that 74.0% of the surveyed workforce operates under elevated physiological strain (38.0% Yellow Zone/Moderate Strain; 36.0% Red Zone/Severe Strain). Symptom evaluation confirmed universal thermoregulatory distress, with workers reporting high rates of excessive sweating (100%), fatigue (96%), persistent headaches (90%), heat rash (84%), and dizziness (76%). A significant operational disconnect was identified between worker safety attitudes and field compliance. Although respondents demonstrated high risk awareness and a favorable overall attitude toward heat prevention (Overall Attitude Index = 51.80), their actual preventive practices remained unfavorable (Overall Practice Index = 13.58). This attitude-practice gap is primarily driven by socio-demographic vulnerabilities (48% illiteracy, low income), piece-rate wage demands, and severe workplace structural barriers, including inadequate shade and continuous unventilated work shifts. The findings emphasize an urgent need for institutionalized engineering and administrative interventions, such as mandatory rest-hydration schedules, low-literacy visual safety training, and enhanced thermal controls tailored to micro-informal industrial settings.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22300418

Clean Cooking Energy Transition in India: A Comprehensive Analysis of Access Trends, Urban – Rural Disparities and Policy Implications (2000 – 2025)

Authors: Ms. N. Jeny

Abstract: Access to clean cooking fuels is fundamental to public health, gender equality and sustainable development. This study comprehensively analyzes India's transition toward clean cooking fuels from 2000 to 2025 examining total, rural and urban access trends using secondary data from the World Health Organization's Global Household Energy Database. Employing statistical tools including percentage change analysis, compound annual growth rate (CAGR), linear trend estimation and forecasting. The study reveals remarkable progress. Total clean cooking access increased from 22.7% in 2000 to 76.7% in 2023 while rural access surged from 6.6% to 65.7% representing a nearly tenfold increase. Despite this progress a persistent urban rural gap of 29.5 percentage points remains. The study identifies the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) as a transformative policy intervention that accelerated rural adoption though challenges of sustained consumption, fuel stacking and affordability persist. Projections indicate that under current trends approximately 92% of rural households may achieve access by 2030 falling short of universal coverage. The study recommends a diversified clean cooking strategy incorporating electric cooking, enhanced subsidy mechanisms, behavioral change communication and infrastructure development. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners working toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.1.2 in India and similar developing contexts.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22300685

Urban Infrastructure and Economic Development in Madurai District: A Study with Special Reference to Smart City Initiatives

Authors: Dr. S. Meenakshi

Abstract: Urban infrastructure plays a crucial role in promoting economic development by improving productivity, mobility, employment opportunities, investment, and the overall quality of urban life. Thru technology-enabled public services, enhanced transportation, digital connectivity, water and sanitation facilities, solid waste management, energy efficiency, and sustainable urban planning, the execution of Smart City initiatives has added new dimensions to the development of urban infrastructure. In light of this, the current study investigates how urban infrastructure supports Madurai District's economic growth, paying particular attention to Smart City projects. The study focuses on evaluating the state of significant urban infrastructure facilities and analyzing how they contribute to the creation of jobs, income opportunities, investment, business development, public service accessibility, and inclusive economic growth. While secondary data can be gathered from government reports, Madurai Smart City Limited, municipal records, and pertinent publications, primary data can be gathered from households, business owners, merchants, and other stakeholders in specific Madurai District areas. Percentage analysis, mean score analysis, ranking techniques, Chi-Square test, correlation analysis, and regression analysis will all be used in the study as needed. In addition to offering appropriate policy recommendations for attaining sustainable and inclusive urban economic growth in Madurai District, the study is anticipated to highlight the key economic advantages and difficulties related to Smart City infrastructure.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22300966

Indigenous Tamil Agro-Ecological Wisdom As A Model For Global Climate Action: A Case Study In Bridging Sangam Ecological Thought And The Post-COP30 Global Climate Action Architecture

Authors: Dr. C. Sujatha

Abstract: Climate action has become the organizing imperative of global sustainable development policy, yet the 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) in Belém closed with a familiar verdict: meaningful progress on implementation mechanisms, but persistent gaps between global ambition and locally grounded delivery. This paper argues that agrarian civilizations with deep textual ecological traditions — Tamil Nadu foremost among them — hold an underused resource for closing that gap. Drawing on the Sangam-era grammar Tholkappiyam, the ethical corpus of the Thirukkural, and the Ettuthogai–Pattupattu anthologies, alongside modern Tamil agrarian literature and Tamil Nadu's contemporary climate and agriculture policy, the paper develops a three-tier comparative framework linking ancient ecological classification, present-day state practice, and the global climate governance architecture that emerged from COP30 — including the Belém Adaptation Indicators, the Baku-to-Belém climate finance roadmap, and the Belém Declaration on Hunger, Poverty and Human-Centered Climate Action. The analysis shows that the Sangam-era Ainthinai (five-fold ecological classification), its associated water-harvesting ethic, organic-manuring practice, crop diversification, and farmer-centred social ethic anticipate, in vernacular and literary form, principles that global climate policy is only now formalising as adaptation indicators and finance priorities. The paper concludes that global climate action will be more effective, and more genuinely global, if it treats regional ecological literatures as a legitimate evidence base alongside scientific and policy data, and if climate finance architecture is redesigned to reach community-led, indigenous-knowledge-based adaptation directly.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22301054

Climate-Smart Agriculture For Sustainable Food Security

Authors: Dr. N. Thilagavathi

Abstract: Climate change is creating serious challenges for agriculture and food security, particularly for rural and smallholder farming communities. Rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, droughts, floods, water scarcity, soil degradation and biodiversity loss can reduce agricultural productivity and affect rural livelihoods. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) provides an integrated approach to address these challenges by improving agricultural productivity, strengthening resilience to climate change and promoting sustainable management of natural resources. This study examines the role of CSA in achieving sustainable food security from a global perspective. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical research design based on secondary data collected from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Bank, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), United Nations and other published sources. The study covers the period 2019–2025 and reviews major CSA practices, including conservation agriculture, water-smart agriculture, climate-resilient crop varieties, agroforestry, integrated crop-livestock systems and digital agriculture. The findings indicate that CSA can improve agricultural productivity, farmer income, climate resilience, nutritional security and resource conservation. However, limited climate finance, high technology costs, smallholder constraints, digital inequality, weak extension services and policy gaps continue to restrict adoption. The study recommends stronger financial support, affordable technologies, improved extension services and farmer-centred policies to promote inclusive CSA and strengthen sustainable food security.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22301142

Rainfall Fluctuations And Land Resource Transformation In Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu: Evidence From Secondary Data

Authors: Levin Sarath. S, Dr. A. Kannan

Abstract: Rainfall variability is one of the important aspects of agricultural production and land use like rain shadow regions. The study analyses the fluctuation of rainfall and land use pattern in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu by considering 2016–2025. The data has been collected from the Secondary sources of the Department of Economics and Statistics, Tirunelveli district. The study looked at actual rainfall, normal rainfall, and deviation of rainfall. It also studied the nine-fold land utilization pattern and Total Common Property Resources (CPR), Total Private Property Resources (PPR). The data has been analysed by using descriptive statistics, deviation of rainfall analysis, and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test to check the significant difference between actual and normal rainfall of the study area. The study found significant deviations in terms of yearly rainfall with a range of 383 mm to 1,931 mm and it varied from −54.67 per cent to 142.59 per cent during 2016–2025. The test result also reported that there is a significant difference between actual and normal rainfall for the study area (p = 0.047). Land use pattern analysis also reported a significant change in forest land, current fallows, and net area sown whereas permanent pasture and other land uses were stable and had a significant degree of variation during 2016–2025. Total CPR and PPR also showed significant variations during the study period. The study concluded that rainfall fluctuation has influenced agricultural production and land use pattern in Tirunelveli district. The study suggested that there is a need for improved water harvesting activities, conservation of CPR, climate-resilient crop patterns, and site-specific land use to cope up with the changing climate in the study area.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22301227

From Drought To Ecological Anxiety: An Ecocritical Study Of Kedarnath Singh’s Poetry

Authors: Dr. Supriya E

Abstract: Kedarnath Singh occupies an important place in modern Hindi poetry for his ability to connect ordinary experiences with larger questions of human existence. His poetry is closely associated with villages, fields, rivers, water, birds, animals and the earth. These elements, however, are not merely picturesque details. They become ways of thinking about human dependence on nature and the changes taking place in the environment. This paper examines the ecological dimension of Singh’s poetry through an ecocritical reading of selected poems, particularly Akaal Mein Saras, Akaal Mein Doob, Paani Ki Prarthana, Paani Tha Main, Nadi, O Meri Udaas Prithvi, Baagh and Prithvi Rahegi. The study focuses on drought, water scarcity, biodiversity, anthropocentrism, ecological displacement and the relationship between environmental and social crisis. It argues that Singh does not treat nature merely as an object of aesthetic appreciation. Instead, human beings, animals, birds, water, soil and the earth appear as parts of an interconnected world. Drought becomes a crisis that extends from the agricultural field to the wider community of life, while water becomes both a material necessity and a symbol of memory and responsibility. Although Singh cannot historically be described simply as a “climate-change poet,” his poetry anticipates several concerns that have become central to contemporary environmental discourse. His poetry ultimately moves from an awareness of nature towards ecological anxiety, ethical responsibility and hope.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22301351

Green Technology, Innovation And Digital Solutions For Climate Action: Economic Pathways Towards Sustainable Development

Authors: Dr. C. Sahaya Mary Sophia

Abstract: Climate change has emerged as one of the most serious economic, social and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. Rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, biodiversity loss, water scarcity and increasing environmental degradation threaten economic growth and human well-being. In this context, green technology, innovation and digital solutions have become important instruments for achieving climate action and sustainable development. Green technology helps reduce environmental damage while improving resource efficiency and promoting the use of renewable energy. Innovation creates new products, production methods and business models that can reduce carbon emissions and support sustainable economic growth. Digital technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, big data, satellite technology and smart systems provide new opportunities for monitoring climate change, improving resource allocation and developing climate-resilient economies. This paper examines the meaning and significance of green technology, innovation and digital solutions and explores their economic pathways towards sustainable development. It also highlights the role of investment, employment, sustainable production, green finance and inclusive growth in achieving climate goals.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22301480

An Economic Analysis Of Climate-Smart Agriculture And Food Security In Cumbum Block, Theni District

Authors: V. Revathi

Abstract: Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity, farm income, and household food security, particularly in regions dependent on climate-sensitive agricultural activities. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) provides an integrated approach to improving agricultural productivity, strengthening resilience to climate variability, and reducing environmental impacts. This study, titled “An Economic Analysis of Climate-Smart Agriculture and Food Security in Cumbum Block, Theni District,” examines the adoption and economic implications of climate-smart agricultural practices among farming households. The study focuses on the relationship between CSA adoption, agricultural productivity, farm income, production costs, and household food security. Primary data will be collected from selected farming households in Cumbum Block using a structured questionnaire, while secondary data will be obtained from government reports, agricultural statistics, climate records, and relevant published sources. Descriptive statistics, Climate-Smart Agriculture Adoption Index, food security indicators, correlation analysis, and regression techniques will be used to analyse the data. The study is expected to identify the major determinants of CSA adoption and assess whether such practices contribute to improved farm productivity, income stability, and household food security. It will also identify the major constraints faced by farmers and suggest appropriate economic and policy measures for promoting climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture in the study area.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22301556

Comparative Study On Food Security and Climate Change Related Food and Water Vulnerability in India and Thailand

Authors: Dr.A. Satheesh Babu

Abstract: Global food security is a major challenge of the twenty-first century, particularly amid climate change, climatic variability, population pressure and increasing competition for natural resources. Food insecurity is multidimensional, requiring improvements in food availability, economic access, utilisation and stability, especially among vulnerable populations. Although India and Thailand are important agricultural economies in Asia, comparative evidence on their food security and climate-related vulnerabilities remains limited. Against this background, this study compares food security and climate change-related food and water vulnerability in India and Thailand. The study is descriptive and based on secondary data from the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) published by the Economist Intelligence Unit/Economist Impact and the Food Vulnerability and Water Vulnerability indicators of the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN). GFSI data for 2012–2022 and ND-GAIN data for 2001–2024 are analysed using mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and annual growth rate. The findings show that Thailand maintained a comparatively stronger food-security position than India, recording a higher average GFSI score. India also exhibited substantially higher average Food Vulnerability (0.604) than Thailand (0.451). However, mean Water Vulnerability was slightly higher in Thailand (0.524) than India (0.516), while India's score showed a gradual long-term decline. Overall, Thailand demonstrates stronger food security and lower food-sector vulnerability, whereas India shows improvement in water vulnerability. The findings emphasise climate-resilient agriculture, sustainable water management, improved food access and institutional adaptation, with relevant policy lessons from Thailand for India.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22301798

Climate Change And Sustainable Development: Global Challenges And Opportunities

Authors: Dr J. Kalaisigamani

Abstract: Climate change is currently the most serious threat to our planet. It negatively impacts nature, human health, and the world economy. To secure our future, adopting sustainable development is the only solution. Sustainable development simply means fulfilling our current daily needs without ruining the earth for the generations to come. This paper explains the primary causes of climate change, including air pollution, rapid urbanization, and deforestation. It also highlights major challenges, such as deadly heatwaves, severe water scarcity, and new health risks. However, every crisis brings a chance to improve. Climate change pushes us toward exciting opportunities like generating clean energy, building green careers, and developing smart technologies. The main goal of this research is to prove that if governments, private companies, and everyday citizens join hands, we can reverse environmental damage and create a healthier, greener world.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22301906

The Fourth Global Coral Bleaching Event (2023–2025): Assessing Gaps In Climate Action And Ocean Sustainability

Authors: Harinisri R, Harini M

Abstract: The Fourth Global Coral Bleaching Event (2023–2025) poses a significant threat to ocean sustainability and the climate change agenda, potentially harming ecosystems and coral reef-dependent economic activity. This study examines the extent of coral bleaching worldwide and assess the discrepancy between global sustainability goals and real-world marine conditions. The study use descriptive and comparative methods of analysis based on secondary data gathered from official sources to examine shifts in the global coverage of coral bleaching during significant coral bleaching events.By comparing the actual indicators and the related targets in terms of sustainable development, a quantitative gap analysis is conducted to determine the accomplishments in SDGs 13 (Climate Action) and 14 (Life Below Water). Additionally, the paper discusses the recurrence of bleaching and changes in the state of coral reefs using the Great Barrier Reef in Australia as an example based on monitoring data and images. The findings show that bleaching-level heat stress and continuous reef condition degradation have significantly increased the global coverage.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22302031

Green Technology, Innovation and Digital Solutions for Climate Action

Authors: S.Thaslima Banu

Abstract: Climate change is one of the most critical global challenges of the 21st century, primarily driven by human activities since the 1800s, especially fossil fuel consumption for energy, industry, and transportation. Greenhouse gas emissions have raised the Earth's average surface temperature by approximately 1.2–1.3°C above pre-industrial levels, making 2015–2024 the warmest decade on record. Fossil fuels account for around 68% of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90% of CO₂ emissions, driving extreme weather events, biodiversity loss, food insecurity, health risks, and the displacement of 45.8 million people due to weather-related disasters in 2024. This study critically examines the role of green technology, innovation, and digital solutions in mitigating climate change and advancing sustainable development, in alignment with the SDGs. A qualitative research approach was adopted, based on secondary data from peer-reviewed journals, international reports, and global case studies. Findings show that renewable energy, electric vehicles, and smart grids significantly reduce emissions, while AI, IoT, GIS, blockchain, and drones strengthen climate monitoring and disaster resilience. However, high investment costs, technological disparities, infrastructure gaps, and inconsistent policy support constrain large-scale adoption. The study concludes that stronger policies, increased green investments, and international collaboration are essential for a resilient, low-carbon, sustainable future.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22302349

Global Climate Governance and the Achievement of SDG 13: Challenges and Opportunities

Authors: Dr. R. Suji Karthika

Abstract: Climate change is one of the major challenges to sustainable development. It affects economic growth, human well-being, environmental security, and social equality across the world. Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13) calls for urgent action to address climate change and its impacts. It is based on secondary data collected from international policy documents, institutional reports, and academic studies. The study finds that global climate governance has increased international commitment to climate action. However, several challenges continue to limit progress. These include inadequate climate finance, differences in national capacities, geopolitical conflicts, continued dependence on fossil fuels, weak implementation, and inequalities between developed and developing countries. The paper argues that achieving SDG 13 requires a shift from making climate commitments to implementing effective climate policies. This requires reliable climate finance, better access to technology, stronger accountability, and greater participation of governments, communities, businesses, and civil society. Special attention should also be given to climate justice and the needs of developing countries. The paper concludes that effective global climate governance should balance environmental protection, economic development, and social equity. Such an approach can support the transition towards a resilient and low-carbon global economy.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22302756

Climate Action Versus Food Security: An Empirical Assessment Of E20 Ethanol Blending, Sugar Diversion And Sugar Prices In India Within The Sustainable Development Goals Framework

Authors: Dr. R. Kalirajan, Dr. R. Alagesan, Dr. S. Vigneswaran

Abstract: India’s move towards E20 ethanol blending has become an important part of its efforts to improve energy security and address climate concerns. Ethanol blending increased from 3.54% in 2015–16 to 19.24% in 2024–25, while India subsequently reached the 20% blending level during 2025–26. At the same time, sugar and sugarcane have become increasingly important feedstocks for ethanol, creating a food–energy allocation problem. This paper develops an empirical framework to examine whether diversion of sugar towards ethanol has an independent effect on domestic sugar prices after controlling for sugar production, opening stocks, exports, climate conditions, crude-oil prices and food inflation. The study considers these developments in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with particular attention to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 6 (Clean Water), SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). The empirical analysis is designed around monthly data for 2015–16 to 2025–26, subject to data availability, and uses ARDL/ECM, structural-break tests and a set of robustness checks. The available evidence suggests that ethanol diversion matters, but it would be too strong to explain the recent rise in sugar prices by E20 alone. Production prospects, weather, opening stocks, seasonal demand and speculative activity also appear to have played a role. The study therefore argues for a “Sustainable E20” approach that preserves the energy-security gains of ethanol while giving greater weight to feedstock diversification, food security and water availability.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22302875

An Economic Analysis Of Climate Action And Health Equity In Theni District

Authors: S. Sagetha Parwin

Abstract: Climate change has emerged as a major challenge to sustainable development, with significant implications for health, livelihoods, and economic well-being, particularly in vulnerable regions. This study, titled “An Economic Analysis of Climate Action and Health Equity in Theni District,” examines the economic dimensions of climate action and disparities in health outcomes across different social and economic groups. The study analyses the relationship between climate variability, household livelihoods, access to health services, healthcare expenditure, and health outcomes in Theni District, Tamil Nadu. Primary data from households, supported by secondary data from government and institutional sources, will be used for empirical analysis. Descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and inequality measures will be employed to identify the major determinants of health equity and the economic effects of climate-related risks. The study aims to identify vulnerable groups, assess economic and health inequalities, and suggest policy measures for strengthening climate resilience, equitable healthcare access, and sustainable development in Theni District.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22302958

El Nino Effect: A Threat To Achieving The Sustainable Development Goals

Authors: Dr. R. Kalirajan, Dr. R. Alagesan, Dr. S. Vigneswaran

Abstract: El Nino is one of the most influential forms of natural climate variability, with consequences that can extend well beyond the tropical Pacific Ocean. Through changes in atmospheric circulation, rainfall and temperature, El Nino episodes can affect agriculture, water resources, food prices, public health, livelihoods and ecosystems. These effects are directly relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land). This review paper examines the ways in which El Nino can slow progress towards the SDGs, with particular attention to India. It brings together international evidence, United Nations assessments, climate literature and Indian research on monsoon rainfall and agriculture. The paper argues that El Nino should not be understood simply as a temporary weather disturbance. Its consequences depend on the vulnerability of food, water, economic and social systems, and these vulnerabilities can be intensified by a warming climate. The paper discusses the food–water–climate nexus, the implications for India's agricultural and rural economy, and the importance of early warning, climate-resilient agriculture, water conservation, crop diversification and anticipatory social protection. The review concludes that strengthening resilience to El Nino is not separate from sustainable development; it is an important part of protecting development gains and keeping the SDGs within reach.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303016

Climate Change, Health And Livelihood Vulnerability Among Unorganised Workers In India: A Social Protection Perspective

Authors: Mrs. E. Aruna, Dr. M. Helen Mary Jacqueline

Abstract: Climate change is no longer a distant environmental concern in India but an increasingly lived reality for the nearly 90 per cent of the workforce engaged in the unorganised sector. Street vendors, construction workers, agricultural and allied workers, home-based workers, sanitation workers, fisher folk, brick-kiln workers and domestic workers face heightened exposure to rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, floods, cyclones and heat waves, while often lacking formal employment arrangements, occupational safeguards and adequate social security. This paper examines the intersecting health and livelihood vulnerabilities of unorganised workers in the context of climate change and critically assesses the adequacy of existing social protection mechanisms in addressing these emerging risks. Drawing on empirical studies, policy documents and grey literature, the paper develops an integrated conceptual and policy-oriented perspective on the climate–health–livelihood nexus. It argues that climate risk is increasingly a labour and social protection challenge rather than solely an environmental concern. Despite recent initiatives, including the Labour Codes, e-Shram and heat action plans, India's social protection architecture remains fragmented and predominantly reactive, with limited integration of climate-related occupational and health risks. The paper concludes by proposing a portable, inclusive and climate-responsive social protection framework to strengthen the health, livelihood security and adaptive capacity of India's unorganised workforce.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303100

Impact of Environmental Factors on Non – Communicable Diseases in India

Authors: Dr. M. Suganya, Dr. T. Geetha

Abstract: The present papers discuss about the impact of environmental factors on non – communicable diseases in India. This paper is qualitative in nature. Secondary data have been used to study the influence of environment on non – communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic, respiratory, diseases and diabetes. The paper also reveals the risk factors of non – communicable diseases such as Behavioural risk factor and Metabolic risk factors. This paper also explores the socio-economic and environmental impacts on non – communicable diseases in society. This paper also discloses the preventive measures of Noncommunicable diseases.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303310

Agri-Tech and Sustainable Development: Emerging Opportunities for Indian Agriculture

Authors: Dr. K. Sankaranarayanan

Abstract: Indian agriculture is undergoing a significant transformation driven by technological advancement, environmental challenges and the growing need to enhance agricultural productivity and farmer livelihoods. Although the relative contribution of agriculture to national Gross Value Added (GVA) has declined with structural transformation, the sector continues to be crucial for employment, rural livelihoods and food security. This study examines the role of agricultural technology in promoting sustainable agricultural development in India using secondary data. The study analyses selected indicators relating to the contribution of agriculture to GVA, agricultural employment, technological adoption, government initiatives and emerging Agri-Tech innovations. Secondary information is collected from government publications, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Economic Surveys, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, World Bank reports, FAO publications and other relevant institutional sources. The study finds that technologies such as precision farming, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), satellite-based monitoring, efficient irrigation, hydroponics, vertical farming, renewable energy and automation can improve resource efficiency and contribute to sustainable agricultural development. However, technology adoption remains constrained by limited awareness, inadequate finance, fragmented landholdings, weak infrastructure, insufficient technical support and limited access to markets. The study concludes that technological innovation should be integrated with sustainable farming practices, institutional support, farmer education, affordable finance and appropriate public policies. Such an integrated approach can contribute to higher productivity, improved farm incomes, climate resilience, food security and environmental sustainability.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303474

Cascading Climate Risk in India: An Empirical Analysis of Baseline Atmospheric Shifts and Compound Extreme Hazards (2001–2025)

Authors: Mr. K. Boopathiraj, Mr. P. Balakrishnan

Abstract: Climate change in the Indian subcontinent operates as an escalating, multi-systemic cascade, where baseline environmental shifts directly amplify extreme atmospheric and oceanic hazards. This study analyzes empirical climate data across India over a 25-year period (2001–2025), structured into five-year intervals across seven key indicators: annual mean temperature, rainfall deviations, heatwaves, droughts, flood impacts, tropical cyclones, and sea-level rise. Isolating these parameters into dedicated analytical frameworks reveals a clear causal progression. Sustained atmospheric warming and pronounced rainfall volatility serve as primary drivers, accelerating evapotranspiration and disrupting regional monsoon stability. These baseline shifts trigger high-intensity atmospheric extremes, manifested in prolonged pre-monsoon heatwaves and rapid-onset flash droughts. Concurrently, intense precipitation events compound into severe riverine and urban flooding, affecting millions of people and submerging extensive agricultural areas. On the oceanic front, elevated sea surface temperatures fuel rapid cyclone intensification—particularly in the Arabian Sea-while accelerating sea-level rise exacerbates coastal erosion and landfalling storm surges. By establishing the interconnected mechanics of these cascading climate impacts, this research provides a scientific foundation for multi-hazard disaster risk reduction and integrated climate adaptation policy in South Asia.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303569

Cascading Climate Risk in India: An Empirical Analysis of Baseline Atmospheric Shifts and Compound Extreme Hazards (2001–2025)

Authors: Mr. K. Boopathiraj, Mr. P. Balakrishnan

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303569

Energy Intensity of Iron and Steel Manufacturing in India

Authors: Mrs. R. Ruth Rebecca, Dr. R. Bagavathi Muthu, Dr. S. Kasi

Abstract: This study examined trends and changes in energy intensity in India's iron and steel manufacturing sector from 2016–17 to 2022–23, with the objective of assessing progress in energy efficiency relative to economic output. Using an analytical research design, the research relied on secondary data from official government sources, including energy consumption statistics and gross value added (GVA) figures. The methodology standardised energy data to a common unit and calculated energy intensity as the ratio of total energy consumption to real GVA, then analysed year-on-year variations. Findings showed that energy intensity did not follow a steady trend during the study period: while it generally declined in some years, indicating improved efficiency, it increased sharply in others, especially in 2022–23. These fluctuations were influenced by factors such as industrial slowdowns, economic recovery periods, and changes in production practices. The study suggests that further improvements in energy efficiency can be achieved by adopting advanced technologies, increasing renewable energy use, strengthening energy management and monitoring, and enhancing government policy initiatives. The results highlight the ongoing need to prioritise energy-efficient practices to ensure sustainable growth in India's iron and steel sector.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303661

AI-Driven Smart Agriculture And Food Security In Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective

Authors: Dr. V. Kaleeswari, Dr. P. Anita

Abstract: Agriculture remains a cornerstone of economic development and food security in many developing countries. However, the sector continues to face challenges such as climate change, declining natural resources, labour shortages, and increasing production costs. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and smart agriculture provide new opportunities to improve agricultural productivity, optimize resource use, and strengthen food security. This study examines the role of AI-driven smart agriculture in enhancing food security through a comparative analysis of India, China, Brazil, Vietnam, Kenya, and Indonesia. The findings reveal considerable differences in AI readiness and the adoption of smart agricultural technologies among the countries. Nations with stronger digital infrastructure and higher AI readiness demonstrate greater adoption of precision farming practices and better food security outcomes. The study concludes that expanding digital infrastructure, improving farmers' access to AI-based technologies, strengthening technical capacity, and encouraging collaboration among governments, research institutions, and agritech firms are essential for achieving sustainable agricultural development and improving food security in developing countries. The novelty of this study lies in integrating AI readiness, digital infrastructure, precision farming adoption, and food security into a comparative analysis of six developing countries using 2024 secondary data.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303847

Renewable Energy Adoption and Environmental Policy Transition: Evidence from Madurai North Taluk

Authors: S. Ajay, Dr.S. Karthikeyan

Abstract: The transition from conventional energy sources to renewable energy has become an important policy priority in both developed and developing countries. In India, environmental concerns, rising energy demand, and the need for sustainable economic growth have increased the significance of renewable energy adoption at the local level. This paper examines the pattern of renewable energy adoption and the changing environmental policy framework in Madurai North Taluk, Tamil Nadu. The study is based on primary data collected from households and small energy users through a structured survey, supported by secondary information from government reports and policy documents. The analysis focuses on awareness, accessibility, affordability, and utilization of renewable energy technologies such as solar energy, biogas, and energy-efficient systems. The study also evaluates the influence of recent environmental policies, subsidy programmes, and public initiatives on the decision to adopt renewable energy. The findings indicate that increasing awareness, government support, and concerns about electricity costs and environmental degradation have encouraged the gradual adoption of renewable energy technologies. However, financial constraints, limited technical guidance, and inadequate infrastructure continue to affect wider adoption among low and middle-income households. The paper concludes that effective implementation of environmental policies, improved access to financial assistance, and local-level awareness programmes are essential for accelerating the renewable energy transition. Strengthening community participation and promoting decentralized renewable energy systems can contribute to environmental sustainability, energy security, and inclusive development in Madurai North Taluk.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303918

First Generation Learners And Lifestyle Correlates Of Anaemic Spectrum Among Adolescent Girls In Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India: A Sustainable Development Approach

Authors: Jaya Supa Sooriya. J, Dr. N. Malathi

Abstract: Millions of individuals annually are affected by anaemia due to nutritional deficiency. In particular, adolescent girls experience rapid physiological changes that necessitate specific nutritional requirements. When the needs of the body are ignored, anaemia may ensue, leading to diminished concentration and reduced physical and mental capacity, which can subsequently impact educational attainment and future maternal health. Several studies have reported that nutrient deficiencies, parental education and income as separate determinants of anaemia, isolating biological parameters from others especially in first generation learners creating a gap by overlooking how these factors directly shape the diet and nutritional intake which ultimately leads to micronutrient deficiency in adolescent girls. This study presents an integrated perspective that links all three aspects, and studies the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls residing in rural and semi-urban Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The primary data was collected from 423 adolescent girls aged 17 to 19, the outcome variable was anaemia, and the explanatory variable were age, BMI, haemoglobin count, parental education, mother’s occupation, household income, siblings, locality, disease history, market distance or shop distance, and family type. Descriptive statistics was used to obtain preliminary results, and independent sample t-test was used to obtain the significance between two different groups. Among the adolescent girls 17.5 % were normal (Hb ≥ 12.0 g/dL), 32.4 % were mildly anaemic (11.0 – 11.9 g/dL), majority of 44.7 % were moderately anaemic (8.0 – 10.9 g/dL), and 5.4 % come under severely anaemic category (< 8.0 g/dL). Among the variable, girls who have regular healthy diet with fruits and vegetables are less prone to anaemia compared to those have not consumed. This change in diet is influenced by parental education and household income, which showed statistically significant results. The potential reasons for poor nutrient intake in our study are attributed to low parental education as it affects nutritional choices and dietary intake, the income level of the parents acts as an economic barrier which directly impacts the access to nutrient rich food which is important to tackle anaemia.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22303949

Climate Change, Economic Growth and SDGs Achievement: Evidence from Tamil Nadu

Authors: Dr. S. Jeyalakshmi

Abstract: Climate change has emerged as an important constraint on sustainable economic development. Economic growth can improve income, employment, infrastructure and access to social services, but rapid growth may also increase pressure on natural resources, energy demand and the environment. This study examines the relationship between climate change, economic growth and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) achievement in Tamil Nadu, India. Tamil Nadu provides an important case because it combines relatively high economic growth and strong social development with increasing exposure to climate-related risks such as drought, floods, cyclones, heat stress and water scarcity. The study uses secondary data from the Government of Tamil Nadu, NITI Aayog, the Department of Economics and Statistics, and other official sources. The analysis focuses on trends in economic growth, overall SDG achievement and climate action. The climate change represents a continuing risk to the sustainability of this growth, particularly through its effects on agriculture, water resources, infrastructure, labour productivity and urban systems. The study finds that economic growth should therefore be viewed as a necessary but insufficient condition for SDG achievement. Climate-resilient infrastructure, renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, green employment and district-level SDG planning are required to ensure that economic growth translates into long-term sustainable development.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22304107

Phytochemical Characterization And Antibacterial Potential Of Senna Alata (L.) Roxb. With Implications For Sustainable Medicinal Plant Utilization

Authors: Dr. Biji Cyriac

Abstract: Senna alata (L.) Roxb. is an important medicinal plant traditionally recognized for its therapeutic and antimicrobial properties. The present study investigated the phytochemical and biochemical profile and antibacterial potential of S. alata, with reference to sustainable utilization and SDG 13 – Climate Action. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, glycosides, steroids, saponins and other bioactive constituents. GC–MS analysis identified 18 phytochemical compounds, while FTIR analysis confirmed characteristic functional groups including O–H, N–H, C–H, C–O and C–N. The methanolic leaf extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition zones ranging from 7–16 mm. The highest activity was observed against S. aureus and Klebsiella sp. The findings highlight the phytochemical richness and promising antibacterial potential of S. alata and support its responsible utilization as a valuable medicinal plant resource. Sustainable cultivation and conservation of such plant resources may further contribute to biodiversity protection and the broader objectives of SDG 13 – Climate Action.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22304235

An Economic Analysis Of The Impact Of Climate Change On Women’s Health In Tamil Nadu

Authors: Dr.K.Praveena, Prof. Dr. Muzafar Shah Habibullah

Abstract: Climate change is increasingly affecting women’s health and economic well-being in Tamil Nadu through extreme heat, water scarcity, floods, droughts and changing weather patterns. This study examines the health and economic consequences of climate-related exposure among women, with particular emphasis on healthcare expenditure, productivity loss, income loss and household welfare. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical research design using secondary evidence and a primary-data framework. Percentage analysis, trend analysis and the Chi-square test are proposed to examine climate exposure, health outcomes and socioeconomic relationships. Recent evidence from Tamil Nadu demonstrates substantial heat exposure among women and a strong association between heat exposure and health-related and productivity outcomes. The study recommends gender-responsive climate policies, improved healthcare access, water security, occupational protection and climate-resilient livelihoods for women.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22304284

Oil Crisis, Energy Security And Climate Change In India: An Empirical Analysis Of Geopolitical Oil Shocks

Authors: Dr.L.Johncy

Abstract: India's rapid economic growth has been accompanied by a substantial increase in energy demand and dependence on imported crude oil. This dependence exposes the Indian economy to international oil-price volatility arising from geopolitical conflicts, supply disruptions and global economic crises. At the same time, continued dependence on fossil fuels creates challenges for India's climate commitments and long-term energy transition. This study empirically examines the relationship between geopolitical oil shocks, energy security and climate change in India. The analysis focuses on the transmission of international crude oil-price shocks to India's oil import dependence, energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. Annual data covering the period 1990–2024 are proposed to be analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, unit-root tests, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds-testing approach and an Error Correction Model (ECM). Structural-break analysis is incorporated to capture major episodes such as the 1991 Gulf War, the 2008 global financial crisis, the 2014–2016 oil-price collapse, the COVID-19 shock and the Russia–Ukraine conflict. The study conceptualises energy security through import dependence, oil-price volatility and energy diversification, while climate change is represented through CO₂ emissions and carbon intensity. The empirical framework is designed to identify both short-run and long-run relationships between geopolitical oil shocks, energy security and environmental outcomes. The study is expected to demonstrate that India's high dependence on imported oil increases vulnerability to external shocks, while diversification toward renewable energy, electric mobility, biofuels, energy efficiency and strategic petroleum reserves can simultaneously strengthen energy security and support climate objectives.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22304353

A Study on the Causes of Inequality in India and at The Global Level: A Perspective on SDG 10

Authors: Dr. M. Radhika

Abstract: One of the biggest obstacles to inclusive and sustainable development is inequality. From the standpoint of Sustainable Development Goal 10 (SDG 10), Reduced Inequalities, this study looks at the main drivers of inequality in India and around the world. It focuses on disparities in wealth and income, unequal access to healthcare and education, unemployment, gender discrimination, social exclusion, gaps between rural and urban areas, digital divides, and unequal chances. Inequality is further exacerbated in India by caste, informal employment, regional inequalities, and unequal access to public services; worldwide, gaps are exacerbated by differences in economic power, technology, resources, and development levels. Based on secondary data from the United Nations, World Bank, IMF, and other sources, the study emphasizes inclusive growth, social protection, equal opportunities, and international cooperation as essential measures for reducing inequality and achieving SDG 10.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22304517

Sustainable development and Climate change: Resilient future through Global cooperation

Authors: Dr.B. Vasuki, R. Rubika

Abstract: Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of the 21 st century, influencing environmental stability, economic growth, public well-being, and social development across the world. Increasing global temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, rising sea levels, melting glaciers, extreme weather events, and the loss of biodiversity are creating serious risks for both present and future generations. These impacts are particularly severe for developing countries and vulnerable communities that have limited resources to adapt to environmental changes. This paper examines the close relationship between climate change and sustainable development and analyses the major challenges and opportunities associated with achieving a sustainable future. Climate change can affect agriculture, water resources, energy systems, public infrastructure, employment, health, and economic productivity, thereby creating barriers to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). At the sae time, the transition towards a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy presents significant opportunities for innovation, investment, entrepreneurship, and inclusive economic growth. The study highlights renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, green buildings, climate-smart agriculture, circular economy practices, waste management, nature-based solutions, and green technologies as important pathways for addressing climate challenges. It also discusses the importance of climate finance, international cooperation, responsible consumption, and effective environmental policies. Governments, businesses, educational institutions, communities, and individuals all have important roles in accelerating the transition towards sustainable development. The paper further emphasizes that climate action should not focus only on reducing greenhouse gas emissions but should also promote social equity, economic opportunities, and resilience among vulnerable populations. Businesses can contribute through sustainable production, responsible supply chains, clean technologies, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices. Similarly, individuals can support sustainability through responsible consumption, energy conservation, waste reduction, and environmentally conscious lifestyles. The study concludes that climate change is not only an environmental crisis but also an opportunity to redesign economies and societies in a more sustainable and resilient manner. Strong global cooperation, technological innovation, green investments, inclusive policies, and collective action are essential to balance economic development with environmental protection. Integrating climate action with sustainable development can help create a cleaner, safer, more inclusive, and resilient future for generations to come.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22304649

A Study On The Impact Of Green Marketing On Consumer Preference Towards Sustainable Food Products In Madurai City

Authors: Ms. B. Shahana Varshini, Ms. Mary Ann Fernandez

Abstract: Green marketing is an important approach for promoting sustainable business practices and responsible buying behaviour. The study aims to examine the impact of green marketing on consumer preference towards sustainable food products in Madurai city. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 respondents. The findings indicate that consumers show a positive perception towards green marketing, with affordable pricing and awareness of green marketing practices act as an important aspect. The study suggests that transparent, affordable and effective green marketing practices to improve consumer trust and acceptance towards the purchase of sustainable food products.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22640414

Consumer Perception And Attitude Towards Sustainable Products: Implications For Green Business And Climate Action

Authors: Dr. P. Ruby Leela, Dr. S. Maria Nisha

Abstract: Sustainable consumption has become an important dimension of contemporary business because consumer choices influence resource use, waste generation, production practices and the wider transition towards a low-carbon economy. This paper examines consumer perception and attitude towards sustainable products and discusses the implications for green business and climate action. The paper adopts a descriptive, secondary-data and review-based research design. Published empirical studies on Indian consumers, together with the Sustainable Development Goals framework, are reviewed and thematically interpreted. The literature indicates that environmental concern, eco-literacy, green awareness, interpersonal influence, environmental advertising and perceived credibility of sustainability information can shape consumers’ perceptions and purchasing behaviour. At the same time, price, availability, information gaps, uncertainty about product claims and the well-known attitude–behaviour gap can prevent favourable attitudes from becoming consistent purchasing behaviour. The review further indicates that businesses can strengthen sustainable consumption by providing credible environmental information, improving product availability, adopting transparent green marketing and integrating sustainability into product and value-chain decisions. The paper concludes that consumer participation is an important complement to policy and technological interventions for achieving responsible consumption and supporting climate action.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22640787

Education in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) And Sustainability: Integrating Knowledge, Values and Action for A Resilient Future

Authors: Dr. V. Suganya

Abstract: Higher Education Institutions are no longer just degree-awarding bodies; they are catalysts for sustainable development. With the UN Sustainable Development Goal 4.7 and the NEP 2020 emphasizing sustainability, HEIs must reorient curriculum, campus operations, research and community engagement towards sustainability. This paper explores how HEIs can embed sustainability in education.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22640928

Renewable Energy Development And The Global Energy Transition: A Comparative Analysis (2001–2025)

Authors: Mr. K. Boopathiraj, Mr. P. Balakrishnan

Abstract: The global energy system is undergoing a significant transformation from fossil-fuel-based energy towards renewable and low-carbon energy sources. This study analyses the growth and structural transformation of global renewable energy capacity during 2001–2025, focusing on solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, geothermal and ocean/marine energy. Secondary data compiled from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) renewable-capacity statistics are examined using five-year periods. Trend analysis, growth-rate analysis, compound annual growth rate (CAGR) and percentage-share analysis are applied to assess changes in renewable energy capacity and identify the major drivers of the global energy transition. The findings indicate a substantial expansion in total renewable capacity, with solar and wind emerging as the fastest-growing renewable sources, while hydropower continues to maintain a significant installed-capacity base but with comparatively slower growth. The study also highlights the economic importance of renewable energy through investment, employment, technological innovation, energy security and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. However, intermittency, energy-storage requirements, grid infrastructure, critical-mineral supply, financing constraints and policy uncertainty remain major challenges. The study concludes that the global energy transition represents both an environmental and economic transformation and requires coordinated investment, technological development and supportive policy measures to achieve a secure, affordable and sustainable energy system.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22640972

Smart Cities And Sustainable Urban Development

Authors: S. Siddarthan, Dr. S. Karthikeyan

Abstract: The concept of Smart Cities has gained global attention as a strategy to address the challenges of rapid urbanization, resource depletion, and environmental sustainability. This paper explores the integration of smart technologies and data-driven systems in urban environments to enhance sustainable urban development. Through a systematic bibliometric review, we examine how smart city initiatives leverage digital infrastructure, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics to optimise resource use, reduce carbon emissions, improve mobility, and enhance the quality of life for urban residents. We also investigate the role of policy frameworks, governance, and stakeholder engagement in fostering sustainable and inclusive urban ecosystems. Based on the above, it is intended to systematically review the bibliometric literature on Smart Cities and Sustainable Urban Development in the Scopus database with the analysis of 94 academic and/or scientific documents. Key challenges, including data privacy concerns, digital inequality, and the financial and ethical implications of smart city projects, are discussed. The findings suggest that while smart technologies can significantly contribute to sustainability goals, a holistic approach incorporating social, environmental, and economic dimensions is essential for long-term success. This paper provides strategic insights for urban planners, policymakers, and researchers on balancing technological innovation with sustainability in the context of future urban development.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22641017