Authors: Mr. K. Boopathiraj, Mr. P. Balakrishnan
Abstract: The global energy system is undergoing a significant transformation from fossil-fuel-based energy towards renewable and low-carbon energy sources. This study analyses the growth and structural transformation of global renewable energy capacity during 2001–2025, focusing on solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, geothermal and ocean/marine energy. Secondary data compiled from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) renewable-capacity statistics are examined using five-year periods. Trend analysis, growth-rate analysis, compound annual growth rate (CAGR) and percentage-share analysis are applied to assess changes in renewable energy capacity and identify the major drivers of the global energy transition. The findings indicate a substantial expansion in total renewable capacity, with solar and wind emerging as the fastest-growing renewable sources, while hydropower continues to maintain a significant installed-capacity base but with comparatively slower growth. The study also highlights the economic importance of renewable energy through investment, employment, technological innovation, energy security and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. However, intermittency, energy-storage requirements, grid infrastructure, critical-mineral supply, financing constraints and policy uncertainty remain major challenges. The study concludes that the global energy transition represents both an environmental and economic transformation and requires coordinated investment, technological development and supportive policy measures to achieve a secure, affordable and sustainable energy system.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22640972
